Week 5 Dualism

Over the arguments for Dualism

Definition

Dualism (physical stuff, mental stuff)

二元论（Dualism）是一种哲学观点，认为现实由两种截然不同的基本实体或原则构成。二元论的具体形式因不同的哲学体系而异，但通常涉及以下二元性：

  • **身心二元论：**认为精神和物质是两种独立的实体，精神不受物质规律的约束。这是最常见的二元论形式，由哲学家勒内·笛卡尔（René Descartes）提出。

  • **善恶二元论：**认为善与恶是两种相互对立的力量，它们在宇宙中不断斗争。这种观点常见于宗教和神话中。

  • **唯心主义和唯物主义二元论：**认为现实要么是精神的（唯心主义），要么是物质的（唯物主义）。

身心二元论的论据：

  • **主观经验：**我们的精神体验，如思想、感觉和情绪，似乎与物质世界截然不同。
  • **自由意志：**如果精神独立于物质，那么我们就可以拥有自由意志，不受物理定律的制约。
  • **宗教信仰：**许多宗教都相信灵魂或精神的存在，它独立于身体。

身心二元论的批评：

  • **相互作用问题：**如果精神和物质是独立的，那么它们如何相互作用？
  • **神经科学证据：**神经科学研究表明，精神状态与大脑活动密切相关。
  • **演化论：**演化论表明，精神和物质都是从共同的祖先进化而来的。

二元论是一个复杂的哲学问题，历史上一直存在争议。尽管存在批评，但它仍然是一个有影响力的观点，并继续引发哲学辩论。

Leibniz's Law(Indiscernibility of identicals)

The Identity of Indiscernibles (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Identity of indiscernibles - Wikipedia
LeibnizsLaw (oberlin.edu)

The identity of indiscernibles is a philosophical principle stating that two objects are identical if they share all the same properties. This means that no two distinct things can be exactly alike. Formally, this can be expressed as: ∀F(Fx↔Fy)→x=y, where F represents any property, and x and y represent the two objects. While the principle's converse, the indiscernibility of identicals, is widely accepted, the identity of indiscernibles is more controversial. Critics argue that it relies heavily on the definition of "property" and can be challenged in hypothetical scenarios like a perfectly symmetrical universe. Nevertheless, the principle has been influential in discussions about identity, individuality, and quantum mechanics.
Based on the SEP article, the most accurate way to express Leibniz's Law in LaTeX markdown is as a conjunction of two separate formulas:

  1. Indiscernibility of identicals:
x=y→∀F(Fx↔Fy)

This formula states that if two objects are identical (x = y), then they must share all the same properties (∀F(Fx ↔ Fy)).

  1. Identity of indiscernibles:
∀F(Fx↔Fy)→x=y

This formula states that if two objects share all the same properties (∀F(Fx ↔ Fy)), then they must be identical (x = y).

Julius 课间: The identity of indiscernibles is a more controversial claim than the indiscernibility of identicals. Some philosophers argue that it is not true in all possible worlds, especially when considering hypothetical scenarios like a perfectly symmetrical universe.

The Identity of Indiscernibles Current Status and Mathematical Provability

Mind-body problem

The first mind-body problem is about causation, but later it's over constitution.

Tldr

The mind-body problem is a fundamental question in philosophy that explores the relationship between the mind (mental states, consciousness, thoughts) and the body (physical states, brain processes). It asks how these two seemingly distinct entities interact and influence each other. The problem arises because mental states appear to be non-physical and subjective, while bodily states are physical and objective. This raises questions about how mental events can cause physical events and vice versa, and whether the mind is simply a product of the brain or a separate entity altogether. Various theories have been proposed to address this problem, including dualism, materialism, and idealism, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

Take the Mind-body problem, if you believe ones' mind lives on body after his death, than you are property dualism. If contrary, believing mind doesn't live a substance to live on(Independence existence), than it denotes substance dualism.

Metaphysics

The definition and understanding of mental terms lay beyond the description boundary of "physical terms" unlike nature entities

Example

Example of eye contacts: Perceptual states about things outside the brain, info from ... #todo

Over "Aboutness on Artificial Objects"

Putnam's case
A natural object's exterior representation might only be a perceptual thing once it's sensed by human, like turtle writing a trace of "Julius"

Physicalism (Only physical stuff)

In the 18th century when mainstream believes of the physical constructs of everything including mind.
机械论

Intentionality(Aboutness)

Consciousness

#todo